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Author: 


U.S.  War  Trade  Board. 


Export  trade  policy  of  the 


om... 


D I O    A  " 


,  D.C. 


1918 


MASTER  NEGATIVE  « 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY 

PRESERVATION  DIVISION 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC  MICROFORM  TARGET 


MATERIAL  AS  FILMED  -  EXISTING  BIBLIOGRAPHIC  RECORD 


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¥.  S.  War  trade  board.  Bmrem  of  rmmrch,k^  in- 

...  Export  trade  poMcy  of  the  United  Kmgdom,  1913-  ° 
1918.  WasHngton,  Go¥t  print  off.,  1918. 

At  head  of  title :  War  trade  board.  Bureau  of  research. 
"The  purpose  of  this  report  is  to  present  in  summarizai  form  the  char- 
acter and  extent  of  the  export  trade  of  the  United  Kingdom  since  the  bc- 


acier  ana  exienc  oi  me  expori  traae  oi  tne  unitea  Jvmgaom  smc 
ginning  of  the  war  ...  Mr.  Roy  G.  Blakey  was  charged  with  the 
tioii  of  the  report"— "I^er  of  submittal,"  p.  3. 


prepara- 


Brit^-Cteim.  2.  European  war,  1914-  — Economic  aspects— 
Gi  BSt      I.  BUcej,  May  GiUIspie,  1880-       IL  ' 


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WAR  TRADE  ROARD 
BUREAU  OF  RESEARCH 


EXPORT  TRADE  POLICY 

OF  THE 

UNITED  KINGDOM 


1913-1918 


1* 


,  waIhington 

GOVEifiMENT  PRINTING  OFUGE 

im 


]m#  X IB^  Bli''  ■■iil^'  H^IL  llif'" 


School  ^of  Biiskess 


WAR  TRADE  BOARD 

BUREAU  OF  RESEARCH 


EXPORT  TRADE  POLICY 
UNITED  KINGDOM 


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WASmNGPFON 
GOVBIlNM,ENT  HUNTHIG  OFFICE 
1918 


f1 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


Wab  Tbade  Boasd, 
WmUngUmf  October  28 ^  1918. 
Sir:  There  is  transmitted  herewith  a  report  on  the  "Export  Trade 
Policy  of  the  United  Kingdom  for  1913-1918."    The  purpose  of  this 
report  is  to  present  in  summarized  form  the  character  and  extent  of 
the  export  trade  of  the  United  Kingdom  smc©  the  beginning  of  the 
war.   The  investigation  resulting  in  this  report  was  prompted  by 
Turjing  opinions  that  prevailed  in  regard  to  the  ef  ect  which  the  war 
was  having  on  this  trade.   Mr.  Roy  G.  Blakey  was  charged  with  th© 
preparation  of  th©  report. 
RospoctfuMy, 

Aethur  E.  Swanson, 
Dwecior,  Bwrem  of  Re8mrdi,» 

Hon.  Vance  McCosmioKi 

Ghakrmm,  Wmr  Tmde  Bomrd. 

Si 


4«. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Letter  of  submittal    _ 

Sumniiiry   ^ 

Introductioii.  ]  13 

1.  Summary  of  United  Kingdom  export  trade  compared  with  that  of  the 
United  States,  1912-1918: 

1.  Misleading  character  of  price  data   15 

2.  United  Kingdom  exports  decrease  while  United  States  exports 

increase —     jg 

5.  United  Kingdom  re-export  trade  has  almost  ceased   17 

4.  Increased  exports  to  European  allies     17 

6.  United  Kingdom's  share  in  non-allied,  or  competitive,  trade  falling 

rapidly...     ^7 

6.  United  Kingdom  exports  by  great  classes   l» 

7.  Few  commodities  show  increases  in  exports, ,   W 

II.  Cotton  cloths,  exports,  1913-1918: 

1.  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  of  cotton  piece  goods   21 

2.  United  Kingdom  re-export  of  cotton  piece  goods  -   21 

3.  United  States  domestic  exports  of  cotton  cloths  .    22 

III.  Woolen  manufactures,  exports,  1913-1918: 

A.  Apparel — 

1.  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  of  apparel   23 

2.  United  Kingdom  re-exports  of  apparel   .  23 

3.  United  States  domestic  exports  of  wearing  apparel.   23 

B.  Worsted  tissues— 

4.  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  of  worsted  tissues   23 

0.  Woolen  tissues— 

5.  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  of  woolen  tissues   25 

6.  United  States  domestic  exports  of  all  woolen  manufactures, 

except  wearing  apparel  and  rags   25 

IV.  Leather  boots  and  shoes,  exports,  1913-1918: 

1.  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  of  leather  boots  and  shoes   27 

2.  United  Kingdom  re-exports  of  leather  boots  and  qhoes   27 

3.  United  States  domestic  exports  of  leather  boots  and  shoes.   27 

V.  Rubber  manufactures,  export!,  1013-1918: 

A.  Bubber  boots  and  shoes — 

1.  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  of  rubber  boots  and 

shoes   28 

2.  United  Kingdom  re-exports  of  rubber  boots  and  shoes   28 

3.  United  States  domestic  exports  of  rubber  boots  and  shoes. .  28 

B.  Rubber  tires  and  tubes — 

4.  United  Kingdom  domestic  export  of  rubber  tires  and  tubes.  29 
*  6.  United  States  domestic  exports  of  rubber  tires   29 

6 


8 


V,  Rubber  mMiufactureB,  ©xportB,  l»13-lH8-€(iatiini®i. 
•  C.  Other  rubber  manulacturee — 

6.  United  Kingdom  domotic  exirarta  of  rubber  mAnii^jtiiiifl 

(except  wmtmiiroofed.  Uppiiel,  boots  swl  ilioei,  tins  aiid 

111068).  ............. 

7.  United  States  domestic  exports  of  rubber  Bttuu&ctufw, 

'all  other"  (than  tires,  boots  and  slioes,  beHinf,  horn 

YI.  8cMip,  exports,  19ia-1918: 

A,  Toilet  and  fancy  soap — 

1.  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  of  toilet  soap  82 

' "  If.  ticiiMiud  and  laundry'  soap — 

3.  United  Kingdom  domesticexports  of  household  and  laundry 

■iiwp.   ,  ^  ^  ^  ^' 

4  United  States  domestic  exports  of  soap,  "aU  other"  (tiiitii 

toilet  or  fancy)   

¥11.  .Itviii  and  steel  «nd  iiAn^litetmtes  of,,  exports,  Wm^mm-' " 

A.  Steel  hmm,  rods,  etc; — 

1.  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  of  steel  in  bats,  rods, 

angles,  shapes,  or  sections......  [..,,1  % 

2.  United  Kingdom  reexports-el'  steel  m  ban,  ro4li7iu«lfis» 

8hape§r/ii'  sections  ,  ,   ^ 

3.  United  States  domestic  exports  of  steel  bare  and  rods]  '.*.'  35 

B.  Galvanized  sheets— 

4.  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  of  galvanized  sheets. .  35 

„  «     •  <^<>™«><a«  «Po«^  of  galvanised  liieete  37 

if.  Bails  for  railways— 

§.  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  of  rails  for  raOways. .  37 

7.  United  Kingdom  re-exports  of  rails  for  railways.   37 

8.  United  States  domestic  exports  of  steel  rails  37 
B.  Cssl  iron  and' manufactures  thereof—  "  ' " 

9.  United  Kiiigdiim  domestic  exports  of  cast  iron  and  manu- 

iMStiiSBi''tlieittif,  linenumemied  "   37 

10.  United  Stales  domeelic  exports  of  stoves  and  iinges. . . . .  39 


if 


9 


CHAIiTS. 

I-  S^Mnaries  of  United  Kingdom  export  tra4f  {awnparisons  with  the 
United  States),  1913-1918: 

1.  Comparison  of  United  Kingiioin  and  United  States  domestic  ex- 
ports.  

Z.  dmnpaiiaon  of  United  Kingdom  and  United  States  re-exports. . . 

3.  Oomparisw  of  United  Kingdom  and  United  States  total  exports 

to  countries  other  than  European  alEes   

4.  licports  <rf  produce  ami  niinuladx^   

(a)  Food,  drink,  and  tobacco. 

(ft)  Raw  materials  and  articles  mainly  unmanu&ctured. 

(c)  Articles  wholly  or  mainly  manufewitured.  . 

(d)  Miscellaneous  and  unchissifled. 

5.  Exports  of  foreign  and  colonial  merchandise.   

(a)  Food,  drink,  and  tobacco. 

(b)  Raw  materials  and  articles  mainly  uimianufactured. 

(c)  Articles  wholly  or  m»inly  manufactured. 
{d)  Miscellaneous  and  unclassified. 

II.  Cotton  cloths: 

6.  Comparison  of  United  Kingdom  and  United  States  domestic  ex- 

ports of  cotton  piece  goods  (all  kinds)   

III.  Woolen  manufactures: 

7.  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  of  woolen  and  worsted  tissues. 
lY.  Leather  manufactures: 

8.  Comparison  of  United  Kingdom  and  United  States  domestic  ex- 

ports el  bools  and  shoes,  leather   

¥.  'iiiibber.nianultctnree:" 

%  ConipMli«oii  ef  United  Kingdom  and  United  Slates  domestic  ex- 
ports of  rubber  tires  and  tubes  

YI.  Soap: 

10.  Compmon  of  United  Kingdom  and  United  Stiiles  domestic  ex- 

ports of  household  and  hiundry  soap  ,   

YII.  Iron  and  steel: 

11.  Comparison  of  United  Kingdom  and  United  States  domestic 

exports  of  steel  rods,  bars,  angles,  shapes,  or  sections  

12.  Comparison  of  United  Kingdom  and  United  States  domestic  ex- 

ports of  galvanized  sheets     . 

YIII.  United  Kingdom  re-exports  of  various  commodities: 

13.  United  Kingdom  re-exports  of  

(a)  Cotton  pieee  goods  (dyed  in  the  piece). 

(6)  Steel  in  bars,  angles,  and  shapes  other  than  girders, 

Joists,  etc. 
'  (c)  Iron  and  steel  rails. 

(d)  Rubber  boots  and  shoes. 

(e)  Leather  boots  and  shoes. 

d)  .l4iniii}r]r  md  Imi8shdl4  mp. 


10 

14 

16 

18 


20 

24' 

26 

30 

32 

34 
36 
38 


APPENDICES. 

rift. 


ftwttM  of  infwmittioii   

TABIJIS. 

I.  «mMAia>8  or  raraw,  dkodom  mpobt  and  mrrom  trad,  (oohfabmokb 

WITH  THB  UNITBD  UaOMti),  NU-MU. 

I.  Owgriaon  Of  United  Kinipkm  and  Umtod  Strtee  6^ 

n.  Vv^  Kingdom i^wtic eip<it« rf^^^^ara  totallng  over  £1  000 1 
JS^!?^*"        "        "^"^  ^  qimatiee  exp,;rted, 

III.  Axporto  of  agM  products  mid  mmnifictures  of  the  United  Kingdom 

amouiitiiig  to  over  £1.000,000  mA  in  1012  or4W3,  wMdi  show  in- 
mmm  m  mneiutt  exported,  iwa-l»i8. ,   '   47 

t.  COTTON  CLOTHS. 

IV.  ^^^^^S-lom  dom«tic  export,  of  cotton  piece  good.,  .U  Knd.. 

w       8tf<»- domestic  expo^,"oi",;;^f;i"  dii^  uiilMM;  ;  ;;;;;^  ^ 

mlm?^""'  °*         pi"*  PhA,  d^  la  the  piece,  60 

MmMt^IJtM9m  .-...,.»»»,..,  

S.  WOOMN  MANUFACTUBBS. 

^r^!^  T*'''  ''S:'^  of  dl  iwden  nmnoliiclnwi,  e«cept  we«f. 
lajippaielindinga.  1»13-1918  

4.  IIATHIB  MAMOTACTUniS., 

It'"!^  ^T'^T  ^^P^^  1913-1918. . .  54 

X.  United  States  domestic  exports  of  boota  md  Aoee,  1913.1918 m 

XI.  United  lingdom  domestic  exports  of  tires  and  tubes  1913-l»l«  ra 
XII.  United  States  domestic  exports  of  rubber  tiree,  19m918^^  ^ 

t.  iOAf, 

T.  lEOM  AMD  '■Bemmh. 

X?,  United  Kingdom  domentic  exports  of  fteel  in  burs.  lodt  amrlea  ihA«»<ML 
or  sectioni,  1913-1918   '      '  "^^^ 

0  '■**"*""•■•*•"•••■••••••■••••■•••«  qO 


EXPORT  TRADE  POLICY  OF  THE  UNITED 

KINGDOM,  1913-1918. 


BUMMAMY, 


This  report  presents  a  suminary  of  the  export  trade  of  the  United 
Kingdom  and  detailed  data  regarding  fourteen  groups  of  commodities 
about  which  special  inquiries  have  been  submitted  to  the  Bureau 
of  Rese^arch.  Compari8:ons  are  made  with  Unitell^^  exports 
throughout. 

In  terms  of  current  prices,  the  total  United  Kingdom  exports  of  1917 
were  about  94  per  cent  and  those  of  the  first  six  months  of  the  present 
calendar  year  at  the  rate  of  about  83  per  cent  of  the  total  of  1913. 
But  prices  have  risen  so  rapidly  that  these  figures  are  misleading. 
If  prices  had  not  changed  since  1913,  the  exports  for  1917  would  have 
been  approximately  45  per  cent  and  those  for  the  first  half  of  the 
present  calendar  year  at  the  rate  of  37  per  cent  of  the  total  for  1913. 
During  the  same  period  United  States  exports  have  increased  about 
150  per  cent  in  terms  of  current  prices.  In  terms  of  1913  prices  the 
approximate  increases  for  the  United  States  were  75  per  cent  in  1917 
and  30  per  cent  in  1918. 

The  once  large  re^ezpoH  trade  of  the  United  Kingdom  has  nearly 
ceased.  In  the  six  months  January  to  June,  1918,  it  was  about  13 
per  cent,  in  terms  of  1913  prices,  of  what  it  was  in  the  corresponding 
six  months  of  1913.  In  the  same  terms  the  United  States  re-export 
trade,  though  much  less  important  than  that  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
has  increased  about  1 7  per  cent  from  1 913  to  1918.  In  terms  of  market 
prices,  it  has  increased  about  122  per  cent. 

Both  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  United  States  show  greatly 
mereased  expmis  to  tlm  Europem  aUim,  the  increases  to  these  coun- 
tries being  greater  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  in  some  instances 
than  on  the  part  of  the  United  Kingdom.  The  chief  explanation  of 
the  greater  increases  from  the  United  States  is  that  the  United 
Kingdom  has  been  in  the  war  from  the  begmning  and  has  not  been 
able  to  spare  so  much  to  her  allies  as  has  the  United  States.  A  great 
falling  off  in  United  States  exports  to  the  European  allies  has  taken 
place  since  we  entered  the  war. 

In  practicaiy  all  cases  where  the  United  Kingdom  shows  increased 
exports  it  is  due  to  shipments  to  her  alUes.  This  is  true  of  her  large 
export  of  steel  bars  and  rods,  though  the  quantities  of  these  have 

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» 


IXPOBT  IHADE  POUOY  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM,  lOH-ldlB.  11 


shown  a  great  decline  in  1918.  The  only  significant  exception  to  this 
rule  is  in  the  case  of  soap,  and  soap  is  a  relatlTely  unimportant  export. 
Eubber  manufactures  are  an  apparent  exception,  because  data  are  in 
prices  rather  than  quantities,  and  woolen  tissues  were  an  exception 
until  1917,  but  since  then  they  have  been  exported  in  greatly  reducect 
quantities.  Nearly  all  exported  commodities,  however,  especially  all 
important  exports,  show  great  decreases  in  quantities,  while  nearly 
all  corresponding  commodities  for  the  United  States  show  either 
marked  increases  or  much  smaller  decreases  than  do  those  of  the 
XJni'ted  Kjnffdom. 

If  we  consider  the  total  expmi  trade  other  wHk  Ewropmn  {Mies, 
that  of  the  United  Kingdom  is  now  only  about  one-third  what  it  was 
in  1913,  while  that  of  the  United  States  is  about  four-fifths  of  what 
it  was,  in  terms  of  1913  prices.  In  other  words,  the  United' Kingdom 
has  lost  or  given  up  about  three  times  as  much  of  this  non-allied  or 
competitive  trade  as  has  the  United  States. 

From  the  above  data  and  others  which  are  given  in  greater  detail 
m  this  report  we  S0e  that,  while  Great  Britain  still  re-exports  small 
quantities  of  commodities  which  she  gets  from  the  United  States  and 
other  countries,  or  uses  them  in  such  a  way  as  to  have  more  of  her 
own  products  to  export,  and  while  some  commodities  whose  exports 
we  restrict  may  in  a  few  instances  be  obtained  from  England  by 
South  American  and  other  distant  countries,  nevertheless,  such  cases 
are  now  exceptional  and  comparatively  unimportant. 

These  facts  indicate  the  drastic  measures  which  Great  Britain 
has  taken  in  cutting  down  her  great  foreign  trade  in  order  to  win 
the  war,  and  they  appear  all  the  more  drastic  when  we  consider 
Britain's  problems  concerning  foreign  exchange  and  the  further  fact 
that  so  much  tonnage  now  departs  from  her  ports  in  ballast. 


IMTIOBUCTIOH. 

Because  of  the  character  of  the  data  available  it  is  not  possible  to 
give  complete  or  satisfactory  answers  to  all  questions  which  have  been 
raised  or  may  be  raised  regarding  British  trade  poEcy  and  practice. 
F or  example,  in  the  case  of  most  re-exports,  we  can  not  trace  American 
goods  through  the  ailed  countries  to  their  ultimate  destinations. 
If  they  go  through  a  further  process  of  manufacture,  most  countries 
class  them  as  domestic  products,  and  their  origins  are  not  shown 
except  as  they  may  be  indicated  in  the  statistics  of  imports. 

But  it  probably  makes  Httle  difference  for  our  purposes  whether  or 
not  we  can  trace  identical  materials  or  manufactures.  American 
steel  may  be  substituted  for  English  steel  in  home  use  and  more  manu- 
factures of  English  steel  exported;  or  articles  made  of  American  steel 
may  be  exported  from  England  and  more  of  the  products  of  domestic 
,  steel  used  at  home.  For  most  of  our  purposes  either  sort  of  export 
IS,  in  effect,  a  re-export  of  American  steel. 

It  would  seem,  therefore,  that  a  fairly  satisfactory  answer  would  be 
given  if  we  ascertain  the  changes  in  quantities  and  destinations  of 
exports.   This  is  don©  in  this  report  for  a  few  of  the  more  important 
commodities,  but,  unfortunately,  it  is  difficult  or  impossible  to  get 
reliable,  recent,  and  detailed  data  for  some  exports,  especially  since 
January  1,  1917.    On  account  of  the  Hmited  data  available  and  also 
because  of  the  amount  of  work  involved  in  covering  all  articles  in 
detail,  this  repo^rt  dea&  fully  with  but  comparatively  few  commodil^©s. 
^Comparisons  are  made  in  terms  of  quantity  wherever  possible.  It 
shotild  not  be  fcJrgotten  that  comparisons  in  terms  of  values  are  apt 
to  be  misleading  in  many  cases  unless  accm-ate  account  is  taken  of 
the  changes  in  prices.   In  the  summary  tables  of  totals  for  the  United 
States  and  the  United  Kingdom,  besides  giving  values  at  actual  prices, 
we  show  also  what  these  values  would  have  been  on  the  basis  of  1913 
prices  by  using  the  Dispartment  of  Labor  general  index  number  for 
the  Umted  States  and  Sauerbeck's  Statist  index  number  for  the  aver- 
age of  English  prices.   Of  course,  these  conversions  give  only  ap- 
proximations, as  do  all  similar  conversions. 

13 


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I.  SnjpiA&Y  OF  TJMITMB  KHrGDOM  FOI11I0H  TIABB, 

1912-1818. 


MISLEADING  CHAEAC3TER  OF  PRICE  DATA. 

If  we  try  to  get  a  birdVeye  view  of  the  entire  trade  of  the  United 
Kingdom  or  of  any  other  country,  we  are  confronted  with  the  fact  that 
the  only  common  denominator  for  all  commodities  is  a  value  or  price 
term,  and  this  is  very  misleading  because  prices  have  been  changing 
rapidly.   For  example,  the  total  United  Engdom  exports,  domestic 
and  foreign,  in  the  calendar  year  1917  were  neariy  94  per  cent  of 
those  of  1913  in  terms  of  pounds  sterling,  but  if  prices  had  remained 
unchanged  since  1913,  the  total  value  of  the  exports  of  1917  would 
have  been  only  about  45  per  cent  of  that  of  the  exports  of  1913. 
The  corresponding  figure  for  the  first  half  of  the  present  calendar 
year  would  be  less  than  40  per  cent  of  that  for  the  first  half  of  1913. 
Because  of  the  misleading  character  of  the  price  data— the  only  kind 
in  which  sununariee  of  exports  and  imports  can  be  given— we  present 
several  tables  and  charts  shcNdng  both  the  actual  market  values  and 
also  these  amounts  corrected  by  general  index  niiilers  to  show  what 
would  havfe  been  the  approximate  values  if  prices  had  not  changed 
since  1913.    In  the  case  of  single  commodities  where  cofuparisons  of 
quantities  can  be  made,  the  use  of  index  numbers  is  not  necessary. 
But  it  is  especially  important  to  keep  in  mind  the  fact  that  prices 
have  changed  so  rapidly  and  irregularly  that  comparisons  by  value 
are  apt  to  be  extremely  deceptive. 

UMOTD  XmODOM  EXPORTS  DBORBASB  WHILE  UNITED  STATES  EXPORTS 

IN0RBA8S. 

4  ""v    ' 

The  pneral  trend  of  United  Kingdom  exports  from  1913  to  1918 
has  been  noted.  In  the  same  period  the  actual  values  of  total  ex- 
portJB  froita-thi  United  States  increased  about  150  per  cent,  being  some- 
what less  in  1918  than  in  1917  (fiscal  years  for  the  United  States). 
The  values  corrected  by  the  use  of  the  Department  of  Labor  general 
index  number  show  an  increase  of  about  30  per  cent  in  1918  and  75 
per  cent  in  1917,  as  compared  with  1913.  The  decline  in  the  past 
year  has  been  due,  of  couise,  to  the  entrance  of  the  United  States  into 
Ao  war.  This  is  in  decided  contrast  to  the  great  decHne  in  the  United 
Kingdom. 


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EXPOBT  TEMm  POLICY  OF  THE  UFITBD  KmODOM,  1013-1918.  17 


UNITED  HNGDOM  EE-EXPOKT  TBADE  HAS  ALMOST  CEASED. 

Prior  to  the  war  tlie  domestic  exports  of  tbe  United  ffingdom  were 
a  little  over  and  those  of  the  United  States  a  little  under  two  and  one- 
half  billions  of  dollars  a  year.  United  Eangdom  re-exports  were  over 
a  half  baiion  dollars,  but  those  of  the  United  States  were  only  about 
7  per  cent  of  that  amount.  In  actual  market  values  those  of  the 
United  States  had  more  than  doubled  by  1918,  whereas  those  of  the 
United  Kingdom  had  fallen  to  about  a  third  of  their  former  amount. 
The  comparison  is  stil  more  striking  if  corrected  by  index  numbers, 
because  Engish  prices  are  more  inflated  than  American  prices. 

INCEEASED  EXPOET8  'TO  'THE  BUBOPEAN  ALLIES.* 

I 

As  would  be  expected,  both  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  United 
States  have  sent  a  much  larger  proportion  of  their  exports  to  the 
European  allies  since  the  war  began  than  they  did  to  the  same 
countries  previously.  This  has  been  more  marked  in  the  case  of  the 
United  States  than  in  that  of  the  United  Kingdom,  because  of  the 
greaiy  increased  home  needs  of  the  latter  country.  The  greatly 
increased  needs  of  the  United  States  since  we  entered  the  war  and 
the  consequent  effect  upon  exports  have  ah-eady  been  noted. 

In  1913  the  United  Engdom  sent  about  a  sixth  of  her  total  exports 
to  the  countries  now  allied,  whereas  in  1917  she  sent  them  more  than 
one-third.  Before  the  war  the  United  States  sent  about  two-fifths 
of  her  exports  to  these  countries  (including  the  United  Kingdom) 
and  three-fifths  to  other  countries.  Since  the  beginning  of  the  war 
this  proportion  has  been  reversed,  about  three-fifths  of  the  total 
going  to  the  European  alMes  and  over  half  of  this  amount  every  year 
to  the  United  Kingdom. 

ITNITBD  kingdom's  SHAKE  IN  NON-ALLIED,  OR  'COMPETITIVE,  TBADE 

FALLING  RAPIDLY. 

Unfortunately,  complete  data  are  lacking  for  the  United  Kingdom 
since  January  1,  1917,  but  we  can  make  this  general  statement  re- 
garding the  non-allied  trade  in  which  the  exporters  of  the  United 
Kingdom  and  of  the  United  States  ar^  competitors:  This  United 
Kingdom  export  trade  has  fallen  grea%  in  actual  market  values,  and 
in  terms  of  1913  prices  is  about  one-third  what  it  was  before  the  war. 
The  re-export  trade  especially  has  suffered  and  is  now  only  a  very 
small  fraction  of  what  it  was  before  the  war.  The  total  exports  of 
the  United  States  to  non-allied  countries  have  increased  about  50  per 
cent  in  terms  of  market  values  since  1913,  though  if  prices  had  not 

'  corresponding  adjectives  tliroughout  this  report  lefer  to  Buropeitii  aUitB  and 

4o  not  iiujlisul«  BiMil.  Japan,  or  mm  allied  eonnlries. 

86900—18  2 


18      BXPOET  TIADE,  POLICY  OP  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM,  1913-1918. 


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EXPOET  TBADE  POLICY  OF  THE  UNITED  KIN€»DM,  1913-1918.  19 

changed  they  would  show  a  decrease  of  nearly  20  per  cent.  In  other 
words,  the  war  had  compelled  the  United  Kingdom  to  relinquish 
about  three  times  as  much  of  the  non-allied  export  trade  as  it  had 
the  United  States  to  January  1,  1917,  and  the  incomplete  data  for 
the  last  18  months  show  that  the  United  Kingdom's  share  has  fallen 
very  rapidly  since  that  date. 

UHITED  KINGDOM  EXPORTS  BY  OEBAT  CLASSES. 

United  Kingdom  exports  and  ImportB  are  divided  into  four  great 
classes : 

I.  Food,  drink,  and  tobacco. 

II.  Raw  materials  and  articles  mainly  unmanufactured. 

III.  Articles  wholly  or  mainly  manufactured. 

IV.  Miscellaneous  and  unclassified  (including  parcels  post). 

In  terms  of  pre-war  prices,  trade  in  commodities  belonging  to  Class 
IV  has  not  decreased  greatly  because  of  the  large  and  inclusive  item 
-of  parcels  post,  but  trade  in  the  commodities  of  every  other  class  has 
decreased  by  over  50  per  cent.  In  terms  of  market  prices,  trade  in 
the  items  of  Wass  II  has  remained  ahnost  stationary,  and,  though  that 
of  Class  III  showed  a  great  slump  for  three  years,  especially  in  1915, 
it  has  since  regained  most  of  its  losses. 

The  re-exports  of  every  one  of  these  classes  have  fallen  into  com- 
parative insignificance,  both  in  terms  of  actual  prices  and  also  in  terms 
of  190  prices. 

FEW  COXMODITIES  SHOW  INCBBASBS  .IN  BXPOBTS. 

An  examination  of  all  the  important  commodities  exported  from 
the  United  Kingdom  shows  that,  of  about  twenty^  commodities  reach- 
ing a  total  of  over  £4,000,000  each  in  1912  or  1913,  all  now  have 
decreased  quantities  exported  except  two,  namely,  (1)  arms,  ammuni- 
tion, military  and  naval  supplies,  and  (2)  woolen  tissues.  If  we 
extend  the  list  to  include  all  commodities  the  annual  export  of  each 
of  which  was  valued  at  over  £1,000,000  in  1912  or  1913,  there 
are  about  90^  items,  only  8^  of  which  show  increased  quantities. 
They  are:  (1)  Coke;  (2)  steel  in  bars,  rods,  angles,  shapes,  or  sections; 
(3)  tin,  imwrought;  (4)  Hmdiine  tools;  (5)  woolen  tissues;  (6)  linen 
yarns;  (7)  arms,  ammunition,  naval  and  military  stores;  and  (8) 


^  Thiese  numberi  Indliit  some  combinations  or  totals,  like  "Total  of  iron  and  steel  nuuiiifactiires," 
** Total  woolen  and  worsted  manufactures,"  etc.,  as  well  as  smaller  classes  sometimes  included  in  these 
totals.  The  bulk  of  the  increase  in  practically  every  one  of  these  commodities,  with  the  possible  exception 


1 


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EXPOKT  TEADE  POLICY  OP  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM,  1913-im  21 


II.  EXPOETS  OF  COTTOH  PIECE  GOODS.  1013-1818. 

UNITED  KINGDOM  DOMESTIC  EXPOETS  OF  COTTON  PIECE  GOODS. 

Mo  ofclier  British  export  compares  in  value  with  that  of  cotton 
piece  goods.  In  1913  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  were  over 
&eyen  biUions  of  yards,  valued  at  nearly  half  a  bdUon  of  doUara. 
The  United  Kingdom  for  many  years  has  held  the  leadership  in  the 
manufacture  and  export  of  this  claas  of  goods,  and  their  distribution 
bas  been  to  practically  every  country  in  the  world. 

In  1913  the  United  States  export  of  all  cotton  cloths  was  only  one- 
sixteenth  that  of  the  United  Kingdom's.  Since  the  war  began  Britain's 
huge  exports  have  slumped  to  two-thirds  of  their  former  amount, 
while  those  of  the  United  States  have  increased  by  over  50  per  cent. 
The  United  Kingdom  exports  to  France  have  increased  very  much, 
but  the  quantities  sent  to  nearly  every  other  important  country  have 
decreased  greatly. 

^  What  ia  tree  of  cotton  piece  goods  in  general  is  true  of  most  of  the 
different  varieties  or  subclasses.  The  main  varieties  are:  (1)  Un- 
bleached, (2)  bleached,  (3)  dyed  in  the  piece,  (4)  printed,  and  (5) 
dyed  in  the  yarn,  in  order  of  importance  as  they  figured  in  the  United 
Kingdom  exports  before  the  war.  Since  the  war  began  the  exporta 
of  unbleached  have  faEen  off  much  more  than  those  of  bleached. 

UfiMme^  €(mom.--In^&  is  by  far  the  largest  market  for  un- 
bleached British  cottons  as  well  as  for  most  other  kinds.  Other  large 
buyers  are  China,  Switzerland,  Egypt,  the  Netherlands,  and  Java. 
Germany  and  Turkey  were  large  buyers  before  the  war.  The  exports 
to  every  one  of  these  countries  have  fallen  off  greatly. 

Bleached  cottons. —The  total  exports  of  bleached  cottons  have  not 
decreased  so  much  as  those  of  unbleached.  What  is  true  of  the  total 
is  true  of  the  takings  of  the  more  important  purchasers,  which  are 
India,  China,  Egypt,  Morocco,  Argentine  Republic,  and  Java.  The 
last  named  is  the  only  one  showing  increased  purchases  to  December, 
1916,  the  latest  date  for  which  the  statistics  of  its  trade  are  available! 

Byed^n-the-piece,  printed,  and  dyed-in-tle-yam  cott(m8,~-^m%  1916 
the  details  for  exports  of  these  classes  of  cottons  are  not  given  sep- 
arately or  in  such  fullness  as  for  the  preceding  classes.  The  total 
exports  of  each  have  fallen  considerably  since  the  war  began,  however, 
tad  this  is  true  of  each  in  the  case  of  practically  every  important 
«Mintry  buying  these  goods.  In  the  mam  the  same  countries  makmg 
the  largest  purchases  of  bleached  and  unbleached  cottons  make  the 
largest  purchases  of  these  classes  also. 

Ik.  V 

UNPTED  KINGDOM  BE-EXPOBT  OP  COTTON  PIECE  GOODS. 

The  re-export  of  this  class  of  goods  has  been  relatively  unimportant, 
and  no  detailed  data  are  available  for  the  last  year  and  a  half.  The 


22     EXPOBT  TEABB  POUC Y  OW  tHl  UHITED  KIJSTGDOM, 

w-«port  of  dyed-in-tlie-piece  cottons  is  typical.  In  the  fif||  mx 
months  of  the  present  calendar  year  the  yardage  sent  abroad  was 
one-thirtieth  of  the  yardage  for  the  12  months  of  1913.  Austraia, 
South  ^Africa,  Canada,  New  Zealand,  and  the  United  States  have 
mm  the  larger  pnrchasere.  of  'tliese.  re-exports,. 

■usimn  smiaa  DomfiSTicf  „i30"obts..  of  cotton  cix)ths. 

The  classes  of  cotton  cloths  exported  from  the  United  States  which 
ate  most  important  in  terms  of  value  as  well  as  in  quantities  are 
designated  as  unbleached,  bleached,  printed,  dyed-in-the-piece,  naif 
dyed-m-the-yarn,  respectiyely.  In  the  period  from  1913  to  1918  the 
total  yardage  of  ^all.  exports^  of  these  cloths  kcreasod  over  50  per  wnt 
and  the  total,  valiie  over  200  'per  cent. 

tMUme^  This  is  the  only  class  showing  a  decrease  in 

qiiantity  exported,  and  it  showed  no  decrease  in  value  of  exports' 
Most  of  our  exporte  of  unbleached  cotton  cloth  formerly  went  to  China,' 
British  India,  and  Turkey  in  Asia  and  a  signiicant  amount  to  Africa. 
These  exports  now  form  only  a  small  fraction  of  their  pre-war  amount. 
Fart  of  these  losses  have  been  made  good  by  largely  inweased  export® 
to  Mexico,  Central  America,  South  America,  and  the  West  Indies  but 
the  net  loss  is  over  half  the  1913  total  for  this  class  of  cotton  goods. 
Every  other  class  of  cotton  cloths  tells  a  very  different  story. 
Biemhei  doi'ks,'~The  yardage  of  unbleached  cotton-cloth  exports- 
from  the  United  States  was  over  three  times  as  great  in  1918  as  in 
1913  and  the  value  was  six  times  m  great  in  the  latter  year  as  in  th© 
former.   The  greater  part  of  ibm  cloths  throughout  the  period 

^  ^"""^  ^  South  American  countries  and 
the  Phdippine  Islands.  Canada  iild  Cuba  have  been  much  the 
littlest  of  the  Worth  American  buyers,  the  former  trebling  her  pur- 
chases and  the  latter  quadrupling  hers.  Total  South  American  tak- 
lags  were  very  much  less  in  1914  and  1915  than  in  1913,  but  in  1917 
were  over  five  times  as  great  as  in  1913.  Every  one  of  the  South 
American  countries  shares  in  this  phenomenal  increase.  The  ex- 
ports to  the  Philippines  mcreased  in  1914  and  1915,  fei  off  the  next 
two  years,  but  in  1918  were  over  double  those  of  1913. 

(Momi  clfllif.-Statistics  of  the  three  classes  of  colored  cotton 
cloths  are  not  given  separately  until  1915.  The  total  exported 
yardagft  of  all  three  more  than  doubled  from  1913  to  1918,  and  tkm 
value  of  these  exports  in  1918  was  about  five  times  what  it  was  in 
1913.  For  the  four  years  beginning  with  1915,  for  which  we  have 
separate  statistics  of  printed,  dyed-in-the-piece,  and  dyed-in-the-yam 
cotton  cloths,  the  facts  regarding  increases,  including  the  countries  to 
which  these  increased  siipments  went,  paralleled  verv  closely  the  facta 
stated,  •above  regarding' ■■^^eatpilrlfe  of  bleached  cottonsj 


B,XPOaT  TKABE  PO,LIOY  0:F  TBM  VMIIXB  KIMGDOM,  1»13-191».  ,23 


III.  EXPOITS  OF  WOOLEN  MAlTUFACTimESt  191S~1818. 

,A.  APPARBIj. 

UNITED  KIHOnOM  BOMESTIC  EXPORTS  OF  APPAEEL. 

Data  regarding  apparel  are  not  given  in  terms  of  quantity,  but  in 
terms  of  prices  only,  both  in  the  United  Kingdom  and  in  the  United 
States,  in  1913  the  total  talue  of  this  class  of  domestic  exports 
from  the  United  Kingdom  was  47  million  dollars,  but  in  1917  this 
had  fallen  to  37  million  dollars,  and  in  the  first  half  of  1918  it  was  less 
than  17  million  dollars;  this  in  spite  of  the  rapidly  increasing  prices. 
No  great  proportion  of  this  class  of  exports  has  gone  to  the  European 
allies,  so  far  as  the  data  available  show.  Important  decreases  have 
occurred  in  shipments  to  Canada,  Argentine  Republic,  Brazil,  Chile, 
China,  Australia,  and  New  Zealand.  There  have  been  increases  in 
shipments  to  Norway,  Denmark,  the  United  States,  Egypt,  and 
British  West  Africa. 

un:ited  kingdom  EE-exports  of  apparel. 

The  re-exports  of  this  class  of  goods  amounted  to  $710,000  in  1913, 
and  had  fallen  to  $6,600  in  the  first  half  of  1918.  Nearly  every 
country  for  which  a  separate  amount  is  given  shows  a  very  notable 
decreaae. .  France  is  an  exception  to  this  rule. 

UNrTEB   STATES   DOMESTIC   EXPORTS   OP  WEARma  APPAREL. 

In  terms  of  value  the  United  States  exports  of  this  class  of  goods 
increased  from  2J  million  dollars  in  1913  to  4^  million  dollars  in  1917, 
but  fell  to  3J  million  dollars  in  1918.  There  was  a  marked  increase 
in  shipments  to  the  allies,  which  totaled  $143,000  in  1913  and  $806,000 
in  1918.  There  has  been  a  large  increase  in  sales  to  Canada  tJso. 
Sales  to  South  America  have  been  relatively  unimportant,  but  in  1917 
they  were  50  per  cent  greater  than  in  1913.  In  1918,  however,  they 
were  only  half  the  1913  figure.  From  1913  to  1917  sales  to  the 
Philippine  Islands  more  than  trebled,  and  those  to  Australia  and 
New  Zealand  about  doubled.  Except  in  the  case  of  the  European 
allies,  sales  to  all  important  countries  were  less  in  1918  than  in  1917. 

B.  WORSTED  TISStlBS. 
UNrrKD  KINGDOM  DOMESTIC  EXPOETS  OP  WORSTED  TISSUES. 

This  is  one  of  the  more  important  classes  of  Bfitish  exports,  amount- 
ing to  over  30.million  dollars  in  1913  pid  1914.  The  total  quantity 
exported  in  1913  was  62  milHon  yards.  Exports  fell  to  43  million  yards 
in  1917,  and  to  16  million  jards  in  the  first  six  months  of  1918.  In 
this  period  there  was  a  large  increase  of  yardage  sent  to  France  and  a 


S4     «POBXX,U««>UO.O,XH..™  ^ 


Clitrt  7 


mwm  iiiGoai  dohstic  jxpcrts  of 


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I 


IXPOaT  TEADE  POLICY  OF  THE  tJITITBD  KINGDOM,  1913-1918.  25 

BOtable  increase  to  Portugal,  though  on  the  whole  there  were  no  great 
increases  to  the  other  European  alUes.  The  quantities  sent  to  the 
mportant  European  neutrals  doubled  from  1913  to  1916,  but  were 
shut  off  almost  entirely  by  1918.  Over  9  million  yards  were  sent  to 
the  United  States  in  1913  and  33  million  yards  in  1914,  but  only  IJ 
million  yards  in  the  first  half  of  1918.  In  the  main,  shipments  to  the 
principal  South  American  countries  have  been  nearly  maintained,  and 
those  to  Egypt  have  more  than  doubled.  British  India  and  China 
show  great  decreases,  and  the  amounts  now  sent  to  Australia  and 
New  Zealand  are  less  than  half  what  they  were  in  1913. 

There  is  no  separate  classification  in  the  United  Slates  correspond- 
ing to  this  British  classification  of  worsted  tissues. 

WOOIiBN  Tm&JJMS. 
UNmSD  KINGDOM  DOMESTIC   EXPORTS   OF   WOOLEN  TISSUES. 

In  terms  of  value  this  is  one  of  the  more  important  British  exports, 
amounting  to  70  miUion  dollars  in  1913.    The  yardage  exported 
decreased  in  1914  and  1915,  but  in  1916  was  25  per  cent  greater  than 
m  1913.    The  year  1917  showed  some  decline  from  this  high  point, 
and  the  total  for  tfee  first  half  of  1918  was  less  than  one-third  of  the 
total  for  the  full  year  of  1913.   The  exports  to  France  have  increased 
about  sevenfold  smce  the  war  began;  but  those  to  the  other  allies  have 
decreased  very  rapidly  since  1916.    Russia  showed  an  increase  in 
purchases  until  that  time.    The  exports  to  the  important  European 
neutrals  in  1916  and  1917  were  more  than  double  those  of  1913,  the 
most  marked  increases  being  to  Denmark  and  the  Netherlands.  The 
exports  to  these  neutrals  in  the  first  half  of  1918  were  insignificant. 
Other  countries  showing  important  decreases  in  purchases  are  Canada, 
Argentine  Renublic,  Brazil,  Chile,  British  India,  Austraha,  and  New 
Zealand.    Egypt  has  not  been  an  important  purchaser,  but  shows  a 
considerable  increase  from  1913  to  1918. 

UIIITID  STATES  DOMESTIC  EXPORTS  OF  ALL  WOOLEN  MANUFACTURES, 

EXCEPT  WEARING  APPAREL  AND  RAGS. 

The  United  States  statistics  divide  the  exports  of  woolen  manu- 
factures into  three  classes  only,  namely,  wearing  apparel,  rags, 
and  "all  other."  The  exports  of  woolen  and  worsted  tissues  are 
included  in  the  class  of  "all  other."  As  compared  with  British 
exports,  those  for  the  United  States  were  very  small  in  1913,  amount- 
ing to  only  1  million  dollars.  No  quantity  data  are  given.  From 
1913  to  1916  tlie  total  value  of  the  exports  of  this  class  increased  from 
1  million  to  33  miUion  dollars,  though  in  1917  it  was  only  12  million 
dolars,  and  Ilk  dollars  in  1918.  To  put  it  in  another  way,  the 
exports  to  the  European  alUea  have  increased  sixfold,  and  those  to  the 


I 

m     EXPOBT  TBADE  POLICY  OF  THE  VBlTm  KIUGDOM,  1913-1018. 


Ctaft  8  cnMWiitTmi 


Jt' 

mini 


IXPOBT  TMJm  POUOY  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM,  WiZ-im,  27 


refit  of  the  world  about  sixteenfold,  from  1913  to  1918.  The  more 
notable  increases  among  the  allies  have  been  to  France,  Italy,  and 
Mussia.  Iqually  great  have  been  the  increases  to  Canada,  nearly 
all  the  South  American  countries,  Japan,  and  Australia. 

If.  BXPOITS  OF  lEATMEE  BOOTS  AJTB  SHOES. 

UlflTBD  KIM6DOM  DOMESTIC  EXPORTS  OP  LEATHER  BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 

The  United  Kingdom  classification  of  leather  manufactures  does 
not  enumerate  leather  leggings  and  many  other  classes  of  leather 
goods.  The  most  important  leather  manufacture  which  is  given  in 
the  British  statistics  is  that  of  boots  and  shoes.  In  1913  the  United 
Kingdom  exported  over  17  million  pau^,  at  a  value  of  over  £4,000,000. 
This  total  did  not  fall  greatly  in  1914,  but  it  showed  a  slump  of  nearly 
one-third  in  1915.  The  1916  figures  are  nearly  as  great  as  the  pre-war 
figures,  but  those  of  1917  again  showed  a  great  decline,  and  in  the 
first  half  of  the  present  calendar  year  (1918),  only  2i  million  pairs 
were  exported — that  is,  less  than  one-sixth  of  the  number  for  the  12 
months  of  1913. 

As  would  naturally  be  expected,  a  large  part  of  the  United  Kingdom 
exports  of  boots  and  shoes  has  gone  to  her  alUes,  especially  to 
France  and  Italy.  We  do  not  have  separate  data  for  important 
European  neutrals  except  in  the  case  of  the  Netherlands  and  Switaer- 
land.  The  exports  to  the  Netherlands  in  1915  and  1916  showed  some 
increase  over  pre-war  years,  but  in  1917'  they  were  less  than  half  what 
they  were  in  1913,  and  the  British  statistics  show  nothing  for  the 
Netherlands  in  the  first  half  of  1918.  Switzerland's  takings  have 
decreased  every  year  since  1913,  and  practically  ceased,  so  far  as  the 
statistics  show,  after  1916.  The  shipments  to  the  United  States 
increased  in  1914  and  1915,  but  since  have  fallen  to  practically 
nothing.  Prior  to  the  war  large  shipments  were  made  to  Argentine 
Reffublic  and  Chile,  but  they  have  fallen  to  less  than  one-tenth  of 
their  ffio-war  amounts.  The  facts  are  similar  as  regards  Egypt  and 
Austndia,  the  other  large  purchasei-s  of  these  British  exports. 

■UNITED  lONGDOM  RE-EXPORTS  OF  LEATHER  BTOTS  AMD  SHOES. 

Re-exports  of  leather  boots  and  shoes  from  the  United  Kingdom 
have  never  been  important  and  had  practically  ceased  by  the  end 
of  1916. 

UNITED  STATES  DOMESTIC  EXPORTS  OF  LEATHER  BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 

In  1913  the  United  States  exported  something  over  10  million 
pairs  of  boots  and  shoes,  as  compared  with  17  million  for  the  United 
Kingdom.   But  while  the  total  exports  of  the  United  Kingdom  have 


I 


:88 


BXPOBT  mM»  POLICY  OF  THl  VmjTm  KINODOM,  lil»-l»18. 


United  Stat«  doubled  by  1916.   The  exports  of  thee^  apods  wJl 

160  per  cent  of  what  they  were  in  1913.  The  large  increase  in  the 
United  States  exports  of  this  cl««  of  gooda  has  goS  to  t^  Eui^Ji 
allies.  tho«^the«  has  been  an  incite  of  30  c^t  to  non  S 
^untnee.  The  notable  incn*ste  to  the  allies  havTCi  to  <Je  uS 

c^e:'h^rb;^^'r-^r  «-'«^-reZtotn'S 
ZTt  ?„Lr  T  T  «»»Pn>«>««  to  Asia  and  AfHca.  The 
^r^BnttllT  f^T^''  h-ve  been  to  Japan,  Russia  in 
AM»,  and  the  British  East  Indtes.  A  very  huge  increase  has  been 
"Mde  ra  shtpmoitB  to  Brilaah  Soutii  Africa. 


OF  XVBBSB  MAHOTACTTOBS.  1M8-1918. 
A.  BUBKBS  BOOTS  ASS  raUBS. 

WnmD  HNODOM  DOMBmo  EXIOBtt  OF  BCBBBK  BOOTO  AND  SHOES. 

The  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  of  rubber  boots  and  shoes 
«  not™«rIy  so  import«rt  as  the  exports  of  leather  boote  ^LZZ 
bemg  less  than  one-tenth  the  same  volume-  fuZ«™l^  fv.    *  * 

^T^r^t^Tr^"^  -ounu  t^eS^tn^^'tit:  z 

d^Z^n  .™^  31,  1916.   In  1913  the  totol 

«f  roT« Ti,  •  T?",       *  ''J*^       1*  ""^o"  P^-  In  the  first  hS 

•bout  twn-thirds  of  the  number  eiported  inth^  mLsDo^ZZ  htli 

«fl»13.  countries  given,l^ce  is  thTonSriSX^n 

increase  of  pnichases.  «™  "my  one  snowing  an 

ramsD  KmoiwM  ee-kpoe™  op  eubbeb  booto  and  shoes. 

rJaa^^^  regMding  re^rta  a»  simUar  in  character  to  those 
r^wd^  domest^  exports,  though  the  quantities  co^^Zd  are 
much  smalfer.   There  is  a  very  notable  incrmM in  -7 
of  boots  and  shoes  to  the  end  ofToie  to  Noi^^^^^^T.^Si'S 
foiwgn  counWes"  for  which  quantities  are  noi  wSS'  ^Ti^fT 

The  total  reexport  in  1917  w«  over  fiTe  t^«  l^ff  w^' 
1913  but  h»A  ^^r^r^  *„        "  „  ^*  wmes  as  great  as  the  total  for 

^U^daJ y^S^     P""*'''*"^  fi«t  hlf  of  the 

ra™,  WATEB  DOWWriC  EXPOBTS  OF  EUBBEE  BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 

St^«  ■  Kingdom.   The  United 

States  exporto  mcreased  to  nearly  4  million  p.^  in  1917.  burS 
below  3  nuUion  pun  in  1918.   The  laiK  ;^~>-f  i! 
aearlv  20  i»r  ««.f»-.7   fi!  .      export,  however,  was 

■aany  zo  per  eent  greater  thui  that  of  1913.   U  we  exclude  the 


m  mADB  POLICY  Of  mi  vmrm  kifgdom,  mn-im.  29 

©xporta  to  the  European  allies,  the  quantity  sold  by  the  United 
States  hm  fallen  to  one-half  what  it  was  in  1913.  Early  shipments 
to  Belgium  and  Italy  were  large,  but  practically  all  of  the  increase, 
especially  since  the  war  began,  has  been  to  France  and  the  United 
Kingdom.  There  have  been  large  relative  increases  also  in  our  much 
less  important  shipments  to  Newfoundland  and  Labrador,  and  some 
mcrease  m  shipments  to  Canada  and  South  Africa.  The  shipments 
to  South  America  and  Asia  have  f  allen  off  very  much. 

B.  mmmmM  tibes  Axm  tubba. 

UNITED  KINGDOM  EXPORTS  OF  RUBBER  TIRES  AND  TUBES. 

The  statistics  of  this  class  of  goods  are  given  in  terms  of  value 
only,  and  only  the  totals  are  available  for  1917  and  the  first  half  of 
1918.    In  terms  of  value  the  United  Kingdom  domestic  exports  of 
rubber  tires  and  tubes  increased  from  over  6  milUon  dollars  in  1913 
to  over  10  miUion  doUars  in  1916,  but  showed  a  marked  decrease  in 
1917  and  the  first  half  of  1918.   If  the  increasing  prices  are  taken 
into  account,  it  is  probable  that  the  total  exports  have  decreased  in 
the  period  from  1913  to  1918.   A  considerable  part  of  these  exports 
has  been  sent  to  Prance  and  Italy.    Separate  data  for  the  other 
aUied  countries  are  not  available.    There  have  also  been  increases 
in  terms  of  value,  though  probably  not  in  quantity,  to  Sweden, 
Denmark,  and  Switzerland,  as  well  as  to  British  India  and  Australasia. 
There  have  been  decreases,  even  in  terms  of  value,  to  Argentina  and 
Brazil.   No  other  countries  of  importance  are  given  separately.  All 
the  above  statements  apply  to  the  period  from  1913  to  1916,  except 
the  figurei  for  total  exports. 

UlfrriD  STATES  DOM'BSTIC  EXPOBTS  OF  RUBBER  TIRBS  AMD  'TUBES. 

Qur  information  regarding  these  exports  from  the  United  States 
is  also  in  terms  of  values  rather  than  quantities,  and  in  these  terms 
they  show  an  increase  from  4i  million  dollars  in  1913  to  21  miUion 
dollars  in  1916,  though  the  total  had  fallen  to  a  little  over  15  milhon 
dollars  in  1918.    If  exports  to  the  European  allies  are  excluded,  the 
total  for  the  United  States  increased  from  less  than  3  milUon  dollars 
in  1913  to  over  13  milHon  dollars  in  1918.    In  fact,  the  great  increases 
to  the  European  alhes  were  in  the  years  1915  to  1917,  mostly  in 
1916,  and  the  amount  sent  to  them  in  1918  was  actualy  less  than  in 
1913  or  1914.    There  have  been  especially  large  increases  in  sales  to 
Canada,  Mexico,  and  other  North  American  countries.   There  have 
been  huge  increases  also  to  South  American  countries,  notably  to 
Argentina,  Brazil,  Clule,  Peru,  Uruguay,  and  Venezuela,  the  total 
to  South  America  being  over  sixteen  times  as  great  in  1918  as  in  1913 
or  1914.   What  is  true  of  the  increases  to  South  America  is  true,  in 


80^    BXFoiT  Tumm  mum  of  mm  vmmB'  kingdom,  wn-im. 


Chart  9 


OOllMllSON  OP  mciTED  KIHGDOM' 


St  USITED  STAHS 


EXPOBT  TOADB  POLICY  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM,  Um-im.  31 


almost  the  same  degree,  of  sMpments  to  Australia,  New  Zealand, 
and  Japan.  Of  course,  all  the  above  figures,  being  in  terms  of 
Vilue,  exaggerate  the  facts  if  we  have  quantities  in  mind. 

C.  OTHBB  mUBBBB  .MAWTOACSTOBBS. 

UNITED   KINGDOM   DOMESTIC   EXPORTS   OP   RUBBER  MANUFACTURES 

(except  waterproofed  apparel,  boots  AND  SHOES,  TIRES  AND 
•  TTmv  a  \ 

A  %J  MMMltO  J  • 

.  The  British  export  of  this  class  of  rubber  manufactures  fell  off 
very  greatly  in  terms  of  value  during  the  years  of  1914  and  1915,  but 
in  1916  and  1917  were  almost  as  great  as  in  pre-war  years.  They 
showed  some  decHne,  however,  in  the  first  half  of  1918.  No  statistics 
for  separate  countries  are  available  for  1917  or  1918.  The  most 
significant  changes  to  that  time  were  as  follows :  An  increase  of 
about  50  per  cent  to  France;  a  decrease  of  about  35  per  cent  to  Italy; 
the  practical  discontinuance  of  exports  to  Belgium;  and  marked 
decreases  to  the  United  States,  Mexico,  Argentine  Republic,  and 
Brazil.  Exceptions  to  the  rale  of  decreases  were  increases  to  British 
India,  China,  Australia,  and  New  Zealand.  If  the  value  figures  were 
converted  into  terms  of  tons,  the  above  statements  would  be  modified 
greatly,  showing  decreases  in  practically  every  case. 

UNITED  STATES  DOMESTIC  EXPORTS  OF  RUBBER  MANUFACTURES  (aLL 
OTHEt  THAN  TIRES,  BOOTS  AND  SHOES,  BELTING,  HOSE  AND  PACKINa, 
RECLAIMED,  SCRAP,  AND  OLD). 

Prior  to  the  war  the  value  of  this  class  of  United  States  exports  was 
a  Uttle  less  than  half  that  of  the  corresponding  class  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  While  the  value  of  the  United  Kingdom  exports  of  this 
class  of  goods  was  about  the  same  in  1917  as  it  was  in  1913,  the  value 
of  the  corresponding  exports  for  the  United  States  had  more  than 
doubled,  being  Sf  milMon  dolars.  The  value  of  exports  fel  to 
something  over  6  million  dollars  in  1918.  There  have  been  large 
increases  in  this  class  of  exports  to  the  aUies,  especially  to  France, 
Italy,  and  the  United  Kingdom.  There  have  also  been  large  in- 
creases in  shipments  to  Canada,  Mexico,  Cuba,  Argentina,  Brazil, 
Chile,  Peru,  Uruguay,  Venezuela,  Japan,  Australia,  and  New  Zealand. 

The  usual  caution  regarding  the  misleading  character  of  price  data 
18  is  point  here. 


82     BXPOBT  THADE  POUCT  OP  THB  UHITED  KINGDOM,  1913-1918. 


mnifi,  i§ 


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A.  TOELKT  OH  WMMm  ■•OAF. 
TOflTUD  'KIWODOlf  TOlflOTIO  KXFOBTS  OF  TOILBT  SOAP. 

Soap  IS  not  one  of  the  more  importiint  exports  of  the  United 
Unagdom,  hot  it  is  one  about  which  special  inquiry  has  been  made. 

im  domestic  exports  of  this  commodity  form  one  of  the  few  ex 
eeptions  to  the  decline  which  United  Kingdom  exports  in  General 
have  shown  since  the  war  began.   The  total  domestic  exports^'of  this 
class  of  soap  in  1913  were  86,000  hundredweight,  and  had  increased 
to  ^7^^^^^^^  the  totalL'the  firsT^S 

IZ^J^  T^  hoBdredwei^t.    The  most  marked  increases 
to  1916  were  to  France,  Argentme  Eepnblic,  British  India,  and  China 
'liata  for  separate  countries  are  not  given  .after  that  time. 


Bxpoax  TBAMB;  mmm  m  mm  vrnmB  mmomu,  I9i3-i§i8. 


UNITED  STATBS.DOMB8TIO  EXPORTS  OF  TOILET  OR  FANCY  SOAP. 

United  States  data  for  this  class  of  soap  are  not  given  in  terms  of 
quantity.  The  value  of  the  total  export  in  1913  was  about  the  same 
as  for  the  same  class  of  soap  for  the  United  Kingdom;  in  other  words, 
a  Httle  over  2  million  dollars.  The  value  for  1915  was  somewhat  less 
than  this,  and  for  1916  considerably  greater;  but  for  the  other  years, 
to  and  including  1918,  there  has  been  no  great  change.  On  the 
whole,  there  has  been  a  decrease  in  the  exports  of  this  class  of  soap 
to  the  European  allies,  but  a  marked  increase  in  the  value  of  exports 
to  Canada,  Mexico,  Central  America,  Cuba,  and  the  other  West 
Indies  from  1913  to  1918.  In  the  same  period  the  exports  to  Aus- 
tralia and  New  Zealand  have  decreased  very  much,  while  those  to  the 
Philippines  have  increased. 

B.  'Exmmm'm  Axm  laumbby  soap. 

UNrriSD  KINGDOM  DOMESTIC  EXPORTS  OF  HOUSEHOLD  AND  LAUNDRY 

SOAP. 

The  United  Kingdom  domestic  export  of  household  and  laundry 
soap  is  somewhat  less  m  value  than  that  of  toilet  soap,  but,  as  in  the 
case  of  toilet  soap,  the  total  quantity  exported  has  increased  since 
the  war  began.   The  data  on  this  export  are  not  very  detaied,  but 

they  show  that 'to  1916  the  quantity  sent  to  the  Netherlandl  iiHeased 

threefold.  There  is  also  some  hicrease  m  the  quantity  sent  to  the 
Argentine  Republic  and  Chile  and  very  slight  increases  to  British 
India  and  China. 

UNOTD  KINGDOM  RE-EXPORTS  OP  'SOAP. 

United  Kingdom  re-exports  of  household  and  laimdry  soap  and  also 
of  toilet  soap  have  never  been  important,  and  they  had  practically 
ceased  by  1918. 

UNITED  STATES  DOMESTIC  EXPORTS  OF  SOAP,   ''aLL  OTHEB"  (THAN 

TOILET  OR  fancy). 

In  value  the  export  of  this  class  of  soap  in  1913  was  about  50  per 
cent  greater  than  the  corresponding  export  from  the  United  Kint^dom. 
In  terms  of  quantity,  it  increased  from  51  million  pounds  in  1913  to 
83  miUion  pounds  in  1918;  in  other  words,  the  United  States  export 
increased  by  60  per  cent,  whereas,  that  of  the  United  Kingdom  in- 
creased by  about  16  per  cent  in  the  same  time.  During  the  last  two 
years  nearly  all  of  our  export  of  this  class  of  soap  has  gone  to 
non-allied  countries,  though  we  sent  a  large  quantity  to  France  in 
1918.  Prior' to  1917  we  sent  very  large  amounts  to  the  United 
Kingdom,  but  since  that  tune  only  small  amounts.  By  far  the  largest 
increases  have  been  to  Mexico,  Central  America,  Cuba,  and  the  other 
West  Indies,  but  there  also  has  been  an  extremely  large  increase  to 
China. 

'86060—18  S 


ccupttiaoi  or  mmn  khOdom  &  mmi>  smiss 
Mmmo  mint  m  wmm  mmL  mm* «. 


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KtWWr  TIUDE  POUCY  OP  rHE  UNITED  KINGDOM,  19W-MM.  36 


TO.  KZP0XT8  OF  STEEI  MAHlTFACTUaES,  191»-1818. 

A.  8XBBL  m  BAB8,  BOSS,  AWOUtS,  SHAPES,  OB  SECTIONS. 

UNITED  KINGDOM  EXPOBTS  OF  STEM,  IN  BAES,  BODS,  ANGLES,  SHAPES, 

OB  SECTIONS. 

This  is  another  of  the  larger  items  of  British  export,  and  it  is  an 
exoeption  to  the  rule  of  a  decrease  in  quantity  since  the  war  began. 
l»ut  *  glance  at  the  table  shows  that,  whereas,  before  the  war  the 
United  Kin^Mn  ami  only  a  smaU  part  of  this  class  of  steel  to  the 
•Uied  countries,  in  1916  she  shipped  to  France  alone  more  than  twice 
the  tonnage  exported  to  aU  countries  in  1913.  Her  total  exports  of 
these  steels  have  declined  very  much  since  1916,  and  the  amounts 
gomg  to  countries  other  than  European  allies  during  the  first  half  of 
the  pre^nt  calendar  year  have  been  comparatively  insignificant. 
Umted  Jijngdom  re-exports  of  these  commodities  were  never  large 
and  amoimted  to  only  303  tons  from  Januaiy  1  to  June  30,  1918. 

UNITBD  STATES  EXPOBTS  OF  STEEL  BAB8  AND  EODS. 

United  States  exports  of  steel  bars  and  rods  to  the  present  Euro- 
pean allMs  were  nine  times  as  great  in  1917  as  in  1913  They  fell 
off  very  much  during  the  past  year  because  of  the  militaiy  needs  of 
,  tfie  Umted  States,  but  the  tonnage  sold  to  the  world,  excluding  the 
JMttopean  aUies,  was  more  than  double  in  1918  what  it  was  in  1913. 
Ihe  greatest  increase  has  been  in  shipments  to  Japan.  The  tonnage 
sent  to  South  America  has  neariy  trebled  in  the  past  five  years, 
tbough  tne  total  is  not  rolativefy  large. 

B.  OAI.VANIZBD  SHEETS. 

UNITED  KINGDOM  EXPOBTS  OP  GALVANIZED  SHEETS. 

Before  tile  war  this  was  the  largest  single  item  in  terms  of  value 
und«-  tiiB  important  United  Kingdom  exports  of  "iron  and  steel  and 
manufactor*  thereof."    The  exports  of  this  product  during  the  fiist 
SIX  months  of  1918  were  less  than  two-thirds  of  1  per  cent     tiie  total 
tor  1913;  this  m  terms  of  quantity.   Form^ly  British  India,  Aus- 
traha,  Soutii  Amenca  (espedalty  Argentine  RepuWie),  and  Japan 
purchased  huge  quantities  of  these  sheets  in  the  United  Kingdom 
Other  smaDor  though  large  purchasers  in  the  same  market  were 
South  Africa,  New  Zealand,  Canada,  Java,  Portuguese  East  Africa 
and  Russia.   After  the  war  started  a  very  great  increase  was  made 
in  exports  to  France,  but,  as  mentioned  above,  the  total  to  all  coun- 
tries during  the  past  year  is  comparatively  insignificant. 


81'  wammtE  tmmm  wmmi  m  tmm  wmm  mmwmm,  wm^wm. 


CiMurt  M 


J|k.,jta{{MM,j^ 


600 


jSOO^ 


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mdar  Yaar 

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it 

fo  World 
fn  WurM, 

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n  Allies 

■ -u,  s. 
"rino*,  For 

V. 

01 


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iwi'  ("HI'  'iMI'  ifHI'  ipHli'  if'iii  (pHI 

jmillkL  JHHk  jiMkiL  jiMMik  jjMBfihL  iMik.  juiita. 

2  2  2  2  2  S  2 

iWi  ii*"!  '•■"'Ii  If"!'  C"!  IFl  'IFI 

!  i  I  I  I  i  I  i 


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III 

fUl'  ViB  CI 


UHfTBB  STATES  EXFOBTS  OF  OALYANIZBD  SHEETS* 

The  United  Stiates  exportB  of  these  sheets  in  1918  had  decreased  to 
70  per  cent  of  the  tonnage  of  1913.  This  is  a  marked  decrease,  but 
nothing  in  comparison  with  that  of  the  United  Kingdom.  The  best 
customers  of  the  United  States  are  Canada,  South  America,  Australia, 
British  South  Africa,  and  the  PhHippines.  Large  amounts  were  sent 
to  British  India  in  1915  and  1917.  We  have  ne¥er  sent  any  great 
quantity  to  the  European  allies. 

G.  BaAIIiS  FOR  RAILWAYS. 

The  United  Kingdom  export  of '  'new  iron  and  steel  rails  "  had  faflen 
from  over  half  a  milHon  tons  in  1913  to  less  than  16,000  tons  in  the 
first  six  months  of  1918.  The  once  Jarge  exports  that  went  to 
South  America  (especially  Argentine  Kepublic),  British  India,  Aus- 
tralia, and  Africa  have  aU  but  ceased.  In  1916,  the  last  year  for  which 
counmes  oi  oesi^maeon  are  given  m  aei^au,  neariy  nan  me  iionnage 
went  to  Erance,  while  two*thirds  of  the  remainder  went  to  British 
xudia.  j>eiore  me  war  mere  was  a  smaii  re-exporc  oi  raus,  mmuy  w 
-argenima,  out  me  umtea  jungaom  accounis  snow  mau  aii  sucn 
re-exports  nave  ceased. 

UNITED  STATES  EXPORTS  OF  STEEL  

The  United  States  exported  about  90  per  cent  as  great  a  tonnage  of 
raib  in  1913  as  did  the  Uhited  Kingdom  There  a  great  decrease 
in  the  fiscal  year  1914;  that  is,  before  the  war  began.  This  was 
mostly  because  of  decreased  orders  from  Australia,  Canada,  and  Mexico. 
In  1915  there  was  a  huge  slump  in  orders  from  Canada,  Axgentina,  and 
Brazil,  so  that  the  total  for  the  year  was  not  greatly  over  a  third  of 
that  for  1013.  But  the  next  thr^e  years  brought  large  sales  to  IWico 
and  Russia  and  great  increases  to  Canada  and  Cuba.  The  totals  in 
1916  and  1917  far  surpassed  previous  records,  but  that  of  1918  was 
hardly  equal  to  that  of  1913.  Exports  to  South  America  in  1918 
were  only  about  one-seventh  of  the  tonnage  in  1913. 

O.  CJLiV  IRON  AND  MANUFACTURES  THEREOF. 

UHITSD"  mCOBOM  EXFOBTS  OF  OAST  'IBON'  AMD  MAMUFAOTUKES 

THEEEOF,  'UNENUMEBATED. 

The  statistics  of  the  United  Kingdom  do  not  give  a  separate  classifi- 
cation for  stoves,  but  evidently  include  them  in  the  unenumerated 
cust-iron  manufactures.  This  is  a  relatively  unimportant  export, 
and  has  declined  so  much  that  in  the  first  haK  of  the  present  year 


88   MMmm  mmm  foucy  m  tmm  vmxm 


mam  mmtm  bi-expqhts 


m  MMMsm  cammiTim* 

iMmOmB  IndepeBdd&l) 


I 


IXPOET  TBADE  POLICY  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM,  1913-1918.  39 


the  tonnage  shipped  was  less  than  one-tenth  that  sold  in  1913. 
Argentina,  which  formerly  received  the  largest  shipments  under  this 
heading,  obtained  only  742  tons  in  1917  and  420  tons  in  the  firet  six 
monllis  of  1918. 

UNITED  STATES  BXPOttTS  OP  STOVES  AND  KANOBS, 

United  States  exports  of  stoves  and  ranges  are  given  by  value  only 
in  reports  of  the  Depirteient  of  Commerce.  The  conversion  of 
value  data  into  tons  shows  a  decline  of  50  per  cent  from  1913  to  1918 
in  total  quantity  exported.  There  has  been  a  notable  increase  to  the 
Eittopean  allies,  especially  to  France  in  1915,  and  to  France  and  the 
United  Kingdom  in  1916.  The  exports  to  Canada  were  most  impor- 
tant before  the  war,  and  they  have  fallen  50  per  cent.  Those  to 
Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  the  Phihppines  have  fallen  off  greatly 
also,  while  those  to  Cuba  have  increased  several  fold.  The  quantity 
sent  to  South  America  has  remained  aknost  statiotiary  on  the  whole, 
though  there  were  fair  increases  in  1916  and  1917. 


APPENDICES. 


Tbo  most  complete  and  latest  sources  of  United  Kingdom  trade 
me  to  be  foimd  in  the  Annnal  Statement  af  the  Trade  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  1916  (2  volumes)/  and  the  AoeeHntB  of  Trade  and  Naviga- 
tion of  the  United  Kingdom,  the  number  for  August,  1918,  being  the 
latest  available.  The  Accounts  are  published  monthly,  but  dp  mot 
five  nearly  so  much  detail  as  the  Annual. 

In  respect  of  July,  1917  (and  subsequent  months),  these  Accounts 
:indude,  so  far  as^  ptrticukrs^  are  available  at  the  time  of  compilation 
mewshandiae  imported  and  exported  in,  public  as^  well,  as  in  private 
onmersMp,  except  exports  ,for  the  use  of  British  forces  on  active 
a«r?ice. 

The  records  previous  to  July,  1917,  include,  in  the  case  of  imports 
ai  articles  of  food,  but  do  not  include  other  goods  which  at  the  time 
of  importation  were  known  to  be  the  property  of  the  British  Govern- 
ment or  the  Governments  of  the  allies.  In  the  case  of  goods  exported 
the  ,%ures  for  these  m,onths  include  goo^ds  'bought  in  the  United  King- 
dom by,  or  on  behalf  of,  the  Govemmenta  of  the  allies,  but  do  not 
include  goods  taken  from  British  Government  stores  and  depots,  or 
goods  bought  by  the  British  Government  and  shipped  on  Government 
vessels. 

Many  of  our  own  commerce  reports  and  statistical  pubHcations  from 
South  American  and  other  sources  have  been  consulted,  but  none  of 
these  give  as  kte  and  full  data  r^arding  British  trade  with  these 
countries  m  do  the  British  documents  themselves. 

The  Foreign  Conamerce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States  for 
tibe  Fiscal  Year  Ending  June  30,  1917,  the  Monthly  Summary  of  the 
Foreign  Commerce  of  the  United  States,  June,  1918,  and  data  for 
1918  obtained  from  the  United  States  Department  of  Commerce  are 
the  duef  sources  of  United  States  trade  statistics  given  herein. 

wlZ"*^  ^  '!L'*!!Z!?  T*r*  monograph  was  in  the  haiKls  of  the  printer.  The  tablet 


BXPOET  TEAM  POUOY  OF  THE  UMTEn  KINGDOM,  m3-1918.  41 
BlKiAN ATIOH  OF  OHABM  ANH  TABIiBS. 

TABLES. 

•  Quantity  rather  than  value  comparisons  are  made  herein  wherever 
possible,  and  in  some  such  cases  pounds  sterling  are  not  converted  to 
ddlars. 

The  United  Kingdom  publications  do  not  give  the  details  for  each 
conmiodity  for  the  same  list  of  countries  throughout  as  do  the 
United  States  statistics  of  trade.  For  example,  the  United  King- 
dom statistics  may  show  the  quantities  of  cotton  piece  goods  ex- 
ported to  nearly  every  important  country,  but  the  quantities  of 
soap  for  Denmark,  Sweden,  Holland,  and  * 'other  foreiim  countries" 
only.  The  quantities  of  exports  of  boots  and  shoes  are  shown 
for  an  enturely  different  list  of  specified  countries,  besides  for  "other 
foreign  countries"  and  "British  and  colonial  possessions"  not 
specified. 

For  the  United  States  we  can  select  any  representative  neutral 
countries,  or  the  European  allies,  or  other  groups,  and  show  the  quan- 
tities of  each  commodity  sent  to  each  country,  or  group  of  countries, 
with  few  or  no  gaps,  but  we  can  not  do  this  without  many  omissions 
for  a  series  of  British  commodities.  Hence  the  United  Kingdom 
tables  can  not  be  made  so  comprehensive  as  those  for  the  United 
States.  Furthermore,  only  typical  and  important  countries  pur- 
chasing British  goods  can  be  chosen,  unless  tables  are  to  be  unduly 
long  and  cumbersome. 

It  should  be  noted  in  this  connection  that  "world  total"  means 
total  United  Kingdom  exports  to,  or  imports  from,  the  world— not 
total  world  production,  or  world  exports,  and  not  even  the  total  of 
the  quantities  specified  for  the  countries  shown  in  the  table,  but 
the  total  for  countries  shown  plus  all  others  (not  shown).  This 
last  explanation  of  "world  total"  apphes  to  the  charts  as  well  as  to 
the  tables. 

In  the  four  Unijbed  States  tables  for  iron  and  steel  manufactures 
Greece  is  not  included  among  the  allies,  because  these  tables  were 
originally  secured  for  another  purpose.  In  the  United  Kingdom 
tables  it  is,  in  many  connections,  impossible  to  ascertain  data  for 
everyone  of  the  alUes,  some  of  them  being  included  in  "other  foreign 
countries."  In  such  cases  the  tables  show  the  countries  for  which 
data  are  available,  an^  the  attempt  has  been  made  to  show  in  each 
table  and  chart  which  of  the  aUies  are  included.  Throughout  this 
report,  in  tables,  charts,  and  text,  the  term  "allies"  refers  to  European 
allies  onlv. 


42   KXPOBT  mu»E  PouoY  or  tor  vsroD  kihodom,  i»i3-mB. 

Umtod  Eii^om  atstmtics  are  for  cafo&dar  years  and  those  of 
the  United  States  for  fiscal  years  ending  June  30.  Hence  the  1918 
Umted  Kingdom  date  are  for  six  months  only  and  are  apt  to  mislead, 
voleaa  <me  is  eaiefal.  . 

OHABT8. 

The  fact  that  1918  United  Kingdom  statistics  are  for  six  months 
only,  whereas  the  rest  of  the  data  are  for  years  of  twelve  months, 
presents  a  difficulty  in  charting  which  c«i  not  be  overcome  withoS 
presenting  aU  data  m  both  tobies  and  charts  by  half  years,  and  this 
has  seemed  unnecessary.  What  has  been  done  in  the  charting  of  the 
Half-year  date  for  1918  is  to  draw  Oie  curves  halfway  to  double  the 
amount  and  then,  m  addition,  to  draw  a  light  or  dotted  line  to  the 
actual  amount  for  tlie  six  months.  The  heavier  curve  represents  the 
tomdtf  the  last  half  of  the  year  brings  the  same  results  as  the  first; 
tn«  lil^tOT  hne  gives  the  appearance  of  too  great  a  drop 

Comparisons  made  between  different  charts  are  apt  to  be  mis- 
leading unless  due  account  is  taken  of  the  differences  in  scales.  A 
complete  understanding  d  tbe  charts  involves  abo  an  understanding 
of  the  tables  and  the  explanations  concerning  thom. 


BXPOKT  TEADE  POUOY  OF  THE  VSITKD  KINGDOM,  l»ia-1918, 


43 


xTOiar  TMDB  pouo¥  Of  TMB  vmrm  kiwodom, 


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BXPOET  TEAKE  POUCY  OF  THE  UNITED  KIITODOM,  1913-1918.  45 


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Tabub  ¥111.^ — I7fiitaf  i^tofef  cfom^^  exfiofii  o/ii2l  woolen  rmnvjmiiwru,  except  wearmff 

appard  mid  mg§,  fiBceH  pmm  1913-1918,^ 


To— 


Values.* 


BelgiuiE   

Franoa..  

Italy...  

Foriufal  

Rtiaiia*. ........................... 

Uiiitad  Kingdom  [.[.[[I]  III 

Total  European  allies.  . . 

All  oChar  Buioiie  

Total  Euraiia.  

North  America  

South  America  

Asia  

Oceania...  

World,  total  

Worldt  except  Europeanallies . 


1913 

1914 

1016 

1916 

1917 

1918 

Dollars. 
18,978 
56,557 
200 
8,697 
178 
1,767 
356.058 

Dollars. 
18,073 
59,451 
20 
5,478 
104 
212 
744,082 

Dollars. 

16,781 
8,318,787 
12,297 
51,258 
336 
960.625 
395,349 

Dollars. 

33,844 
1,834,257 
2,645 
5,301,915 
6,067 
10,709,041 
1,159,346 

DolUws. 

Dollars. 

639,168 
86,544 
20,124 
976 

50,505 
269.613 

465.803 
3,850 
1(043.64® 
461 

34,105 
97,760 

442,335 
60,175 

827,420 
^MJi  000 

9,765,433 
1,188.765 

19,046,115 
1,282.386 

1,066,930 
1,301,168 

2,643,628 

208,  m 

498,610 
415,412 
40,304 
66.376 
83.890 
1,604 

868,320 
646,819 
46,505 
39,810 
63,821 
2I|  0!24 

10,944,198 

5, 651,059 
77,562 
118,048 
29,322 

20,328,601 
6,137,687 
1,652,748 
5,023,140 
169,216 
20,661 

2,371,095 
6,266,983 
2,292,149 
1,147,710 
252,976 
11,255 

2,752,322 
6,187,958 
3,215,309 
1,079,007 
177,376 
23,976 

1,668,199 

16,829,617 

33,331,873 

12,342,168 

13,435.946 

657,661 

840,779  j 

7,074,184 

14.285,758 

11,275,238 

10,892,418 

1  Foreim  Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  United  States  for  the  year  endhig  June  30, 1917,  pp.  76»-7i8; 
United  Stotes  Department  of  Commerce  data  for  1918*  •  t^r 


1I3P0K  liUlBB  PdUC¥  OF  TMM  VITIXED  MMODOMi  1IXI3-10I8. 


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1^*3B08.  .  >ii>...  .  ..*.••..•.  .  .  .  ,  .., 

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iitnOfai  and  Hew  Zoalniil. . ... . 


World,  total   

WorM,  mm§t  .Baigln, 
■adlliill'.  ........ 


1913 

1114 

Iflll 

IHO 

1017 

1918(hldf 

IMInrt. 
307,176 

311,.  Til' 
192,470 

JMinn. 

462,01. 
204,660 

HoUiiffB. 

1,355,094 
607,718 

Jktkm, 

•  *  •  V  •»  •  *«  w  « 

790,527 

717, 177 

2,022,807 

128|  353 
312,908 
293,071 

110,778 
301,073 

97,605 
677,613 
705^711 

134,933 
721,007 

■  ••••■•••Ml 

in  «•  • 
•  #••>••  *  «*• 
mmw m 

734,302 

878,401 

1,470,984 

1,681,814 

•  •***•'•••# 

•>««••****# 

634,900 
124,211 

146,594 
S.5,450 

307,909 
104,392 

575, 177 
123, 568 

232,044 

412,361 

008,745 

237,072 
309,746 

207,013 
431,401 

230,068 
641,388 

400,900 
713,911 

0,300,867  i 
5,054,345  i 

1,001^1 810 

0,281,087 
B,608||'flB0 

10,4M,601 
Sf  401, 0B8' 

8|8l8|fi|B 

8f  SMf  tKT 

*  Annual  StatemeBt  of  Trade  of  UnlWl  Kliifdom,  lili,  Vol.1,  pp.  397, 299, 801;  Aoooiatg  of  Trade  nd 
KiTigaUon  of  United  Kingdom,  Dec8iiilier7i9l7,  pp.  94»^;  JuM,  101%.  pp.  333-235. 


Taiiii.  .XII.— ■'Dkitorf  8mm  tkmedk  exports  ofruttker  tmt,fitml  pern  l$i&-1918^ 


¥«lues. 


1118 

1 

014 

mo 

1917 

1918 

Belgium  

FXAttBe**  *•...*...«.........«...«•  b ....... . 

Oreoee . .......:..............«.......... . 

Itiily. ........  a ... . .......... ................ 

.X^liFillgnl  .............................. 

KllSflltl  ..........  a...  ............  a  .  .  .... 

llllM.  .ElndgiMii. ...   

Total  Eurepeim  allies  

All  otiier  Surt^e.  

M»tJjK!ifr*^*--  

.  A'llPtll  MMmMSSL  ...  .  .................. ., 

VilllHl  AniBllDlla.  ........................ . 

nAtlft.  ...............  .1  .............  a ............  . 

OeiJWja.  ...  a  *.  a  ...........  a  a  ...  .  .  .  ,  .  .  . 

WorM,  total  

W(rM,e3n)ept  EuropeanaUles. . . 

JMtOTg. 

402,366 
22,831 

'""ilm 

383: 
6* '600 
1,345,582 

|%'364 

mm 

''108 
9,735 
247 
1.600 

A,  WW,  {Mr 

""o'Offl* 
4,206 
43,033 
2,447 
0,480 

2,846,041 

BMars. 

745, 9B0 
34,654 

246,206 
10,547 

143,916 
3,700,364 

*"7i9*§45 
2  000 
63, 167 
21,759 
94,264 
664,747 

244,241 
1, 716 
745, 103 
26,930 
1,154,040 
10,616,612 

1,680,841 
532,129 

1, 049ii'01S 
303i.409 

2,911,188 
81,799 

12,787.538 
196,218 

4,881,567 
147,641 

1,656,372 
62,437 

2,212,970 
1,823,685 
SNI'lf  <S05 
53,462 
233,151 
29,905 

1,051,427 
1,422,328 
177,330 
102,414 

381,311 
33,829 

2,992,987 
1,333,818 
264,465 
86, 498 
801,618 
60,486 

12,083,756 
2.460,707 
1.,'844, 314 

631,801 
3,175,436 

453,290 

5,029,208 
3,548,812 
2,819,499 
91^068 

S,'OwlL  401 
625,805 

1,617,709 
4,781,148 
3,762,687 
1.244,737 
3,9l6,fM 
786,219 

4, 664, 078 

4, 06%  039 

l«m,872: 

20,930,304  1 

14, 877,  853 

15,108,294 

%  833, 887 

2,410,011.  I 

1,08%  084 

,%  151,  TOO 

'0  OOIL'SM 

1% 668,  QBE 

mSSmSm&^S^  »'*P««n  ot  «M»         states,  1917,  pp.  606^;  United  States  Department 


I 

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